Unless regularly tested, most people will be unaware that they are HIV-positive during the first few years. Initial symptoms can be similar to flu or other viral infections, and for most people, there follows a period of many years when they carry the virus but are not sick. However, the immune system never successfully clears HIV; instead, the virus hides away, slowly weakening the body's defences and destroying CD4 T-cells, which play a key part in the immune response.
Without treatment, the immune system steadily becomes more compromised, leaving the individual at increased risk of developing other life-threatening infections. To stop this from happening, when the number of remaining CD4 T-cells reaches a certain level – 350 cells per cubic millimetre – international treatment guidelines recommend that an individual begins life-long treatment with antiretroviral drugs. These drugs not only prevent further damage to the immune system, but also allow it to recover.
Several observational studies have suggested that treatment at the time HIV infection occurs could delay the amount and speed of immune damage and so delay the need to start lifelong antiretroviral medication. SPARTAC is the first large randomised study to test this hypothesis.
All volunteers in the SPARTAC trial were identified within six months of becoming infected with HIV and were randomly allocated to receive antiretrovirals for 48 weeks, 12 weeks or to receive no medication (the standard practice in HIV management at this stage of infection). The researchers then measured the time until each volunteer's CD4 T-cell count fell below 350 cells per cubic millimetre and/or they began a lifelong course of antiretroviral medication.
The researchers found that on average, participants who had received no medication needed to begin taking a lifelong course of treatment 157 weeks after infection. Those in the group receiving antiretrovirals for 12 weeks began their lifelong course of treatment on average 184 weeks after infection (a delay of 27 weeks, but not considered by the researchers to be a significant effect).
Those volunteers who received antiretrovirals for 48 weeks took an average of 222 weeks before beginning long term treatment – a delay of 65 weeks. This represents an important delay compared with no treatment or 12 weeks of medication, but overall was not significantly longer than the time those participants had already spent on treatment.
In addition, over the whole time in the study, participants on the 48 week course had higher CD4 T-cell counts than those in the other two treatment groups, potentially reducing their risk of developing secondary infections such as tuberculosis. They also had lower levels of HIV in the blood for over a year after stopping treatment compared to the other volunteers, which could play a role in reducing the risk of passing on the virus to sexual partners.
The researchers found no evidence that treatment within the first six months of infection led to the virus becoming resistant to the drugs or that coming off the course led to unexpected deaths, or damage to the immune system.
A separate analysis of the results suggested that the 48-week treatment was more beneficial the closer it was started to the time of infection. Participants who were enrolled closer to the time of HIV infection tended to have faster declines in the number of CD4 cells if they did not receive treatment, indicating greater damage to their immune systems. It was amongst this group that the 48-week treatment appeared to have the biggest benefit. However, it is unclear why these people were coming to see a clinician so early after infection; the researchers believe it may be that they had felt unwell. More research focusing on people in the very early stages of infection, a challenging group to identify, needs to be done to confirm this observation.
Dr Sarah Fidler from Imperial College London, who led the study, says: "These results are promising and suggest that a year-long course of treatment for people recently infected with HIV may have some benefit on both the immune system as well as helping control the virus. The treatment also reduces the amount of virus in the body for some time after the patient has stopped taking the medication. This could be very important for helping reduce the risk of passing on the virus to a sexual partner.”
Professor Jonathan Weber, the chief study investigator, says that the study reinforces the importance of frequent testing for HIV, particularly amongst high risk groups: "Early testing and diagnosis are incredibly important. When a person first contracts HIV, they are at their most infectious. But they are also often unaware that they have contracted the disease and hence are more likely to spread the infection. The sooner they can be diagnosed, the better our chances of limiting the spread of the virus and the sooner they can be offered appropriate guidance and counselling.
"If, as our study suggests, they can then be treated in such a way as to slow the progression of the disease and reduce their risk of secondary infections from potentially deadly diseases such as Tuberculosis, then this offers a win-win situation."
However, the researchers recognise that before recommending changes to HIV treatment guidelines, more research is needed to evaluate the best option of controlling the virus long-term; it may be that a longer course of medication than 48 weeks, or even lifelong treatment, would be optimal.
Professor Gita Ramjee, Director of the South African Medical Research Council’s HIV Prevention Research Unit, who led from the South African sites, adds: "We now need to weigh up whether the benefits offered by early intervention are outweighed by the strategic and financial challenges such a change in policy would incur, particularly in resource-poor settings such as Africa, although this may be where the most benefits are seen in terms of TB rates."
Combating infectious diseases is one of the strategic priorities of the Wellcome Trust, which funded the SPARTAC study. Commenting on the research, Dr Jimmy Whitworth, Head of International Activities at the Wellcome Trust, said: “This study adds to increasing evidence that early initiation of HIV treatment is of benefit to the individual in preventing severe disease and in reducing infectiousness to his or her partners. Questions remain about whether a longer course at an early stage could be more beneficial or whether early treatment should be continued for life.”
Visit the SPARTAC website